Extracting and Analysing Plasmid DNA From E.coli

Extracting and Analysing Plasmid DNA From E.coli Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule present in all living things, and they carry genetic information which determines every characteristic a person can have. DNA contains 4 chemical units: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine. These 4 letters are organized to make genes which contain information to make proteins. As scientists have discovered, it is the genome (DNA sequence in a particular arrangement of the 4 letters) that makes every human unique. During the first stages of cell division, the human DNA is organized into 46 tightly coiled structures called chromosomes. As a cell divide, the chromosomes are copied over to the new cells, ensuring they receive a full copy of the genetic blueprint. Objective Isolate DNA of cheek cells Extract chromosomal DNA from strawberry Extract plasmid DNA from E.coli. General Method Collect cells Split cells open and release contents Destroy enzymes which break apart DNA Separate DNA from other cell components Precipitate DNA General Materials Solution I Solution II Solution III Tubes of various sizes according to use Proteinase K (10mg/ml) Strawberry Filter funnel DNA extraction buffer Chlorofoam LB Liquid Medium 5M NaCl 70% Ethanol 95% Ethanol Centrifuge Hot water bath Lysis Buffer DNA of Cheek Cells Collect cheek cells by rinsing mouth with saline solution Saline solution prevents cells from splitting open too soon Spin solution in a centrifuge to collect cells at the bottom of the tube Empty out the liquid, leaving the cell pellet at the bottom Add Lysis Buffer (Contains soap, salts and ions, buffers) Soap: Destroy fatty membranes that enclose cells Destroy nuclei membranes in the cells Salts and ions: Bring up osmotic pressure (pressure applied to solution needed to prevent the inflow of water) outside the cell, which helps break apart membranes Buffer: To maintain pH Breaks open cells DNA released into solution Add Proteinase K Digest contaminating proteins Degrades nucleases which attack nucleic acids Put the solution in hot water bath Enables Proteinase K to work efficiently Kill enzymes in the cytoplasm which can break apart DNA Add 5M NaCl Change polarity of solution to differentiate DNA from fats, carbohydrates and proteins DNA dissolves in ionic solutions, the rest do not Centrifuge solution Separates DNA (dissolved in clear liquid) from fats, carbohydrates and proteins (solid pellet) Transfer clear liquid (containing DNA) to new tube Add cold 95% ethanol to new tube Precipitate dissolved DNA from ionic solution since DNA is not soluble in alcohol The colder it is, the less soluble DNA (Can precipitate more) Coldness slows down enzymatic reactions which can break DNA apart Centrifuge new tube Resulting white pellet is DNA of cheek cells DNA of Strawberry Mash strawberry Add DNA extraction buffer (contains shampoo/soap NaCl) and mash Shampoo/soap: Dissolves cell membrane which is made up of lipid bilayer NaCl: Removes proteins that are stuck onto DNA Prevent proteins from precipitating along with DNA in ethanol Filter and add cold ethanol Precipitate DNA Twirl glass rod at interface between ethanol layer and slurp layer Resulting sticky mass is the plant DNA Plasmid DNA of E. coli Add solution I (contains glucose, Tris, EDTA) to prepared pellet Glucose: Increase osmotic pressure outside cells Tris: Maintain constant pH EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid): Protects DNA from enzymes which will degrade DNA Add solution II (contains alkali substances detergent) Alkali: Breaks open the cells Break down DNA into single strands Detergent: Break membrane apart Add solution III (contains acidic substances) Neutralizes pH so DNA strands can get back together as double stranded Precipitates cellular debris E. coli plasmid DNA remains in solution Add chloroform Extract DNA Centrifuge mixture Separates plasmid DNA and debris chromosomal DNA Transfer some amount of liquid into new tube Add 95% ethanol Centrifuge new mixture Purify plasmid DNA Pour away liquid and add 70% alcohol Remove remaining salts Centrifuge mixture Pour away liquid and spin the tube Resulting pellet is plasmid DNA Discussion/Extensions Why is DNA extraction important/used for: Crime and historical identification Lineage/origin identification Diagnosis of diseases Mass produce gene/protein important for treating diseases, using further DNA technology Genetic engineering Other DNA extraction methods: Anion-exchange Uses chromatography technique Nucleic acids of DNA are composed of negatively-charged phosphates Positively-charged substrate used to bind to the negatively-charged phosphates Proteins and RNA are then removed with medium-salt buffers Silica Gel Advantage: Fast, reliable, economical Uses silica-gel membrane to adsorb nucleic acids of DNA Catalysts: Chaotropic salts Buffers used in lysis helps DNA to adsorb on silica-gel membrane, and washes away metabolites and proteins Salting Remove proteins and contaminants by using high concentrations of salt Precipitates removed using centrifuge DNA recovered with alcohol Organic extraction Mix dead cells with phenol, chloroform and alcohol DNA extracted using alcohol precipitate Cesium chloride (CsCl) Mix suspended DNA with CsCl and ethidium bromide Solution centrifuged DNA extracted with isopropanol Limitations This general method of DNA isolation consists of many limitations: Inability to remove inhibitors of polymerase chain reaction Too many steps may be too time-consuming Multiple tube transfers may increase risk of contaminations by à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“outsideà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ DNA Conclusions This simple experiment provides an introduction to the procedures that are used in modern microbiological laboratories. Other cases can get much more complex, and will involve more sophisticated methods and equipment. The extraction of DNA is the first step of many other fascinating processes, which includes the manufacturing of medicines as well as genetic engineering which alters the genes of organisms.

Is there anything to admire in the character of Macbeth? Essay

Is there anything to admire in the character of Macbeth? And how does Shakespeare influence our thoughts and feelings towards him as the audience? As the audience, our opinions of Macbeth change throughout the play, from a perception of a character who is heroic and a loyal servant, to a cruel and evil â€Å"butcher†. Shakespeare uses many varied methods to portray the character of Macbeth to the audience, and influence their thoughts and feelings. The opening scene is of three witches who feature throughout the play. They would have terrified an audience of the time as it was written and performed around the time of the ‘Gunpowder Plot’ and when the threat of being bewitched by a witch was very real to them. When supernatural and inexplicable things happened, women were often persecuted as witches and executed. This unfounded fear is what Shakespeare uses to get his audience hooked, and from there he is able to reel them in. The weà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rd sisters introduce Macbeth to us, ‘there to meet with Macbeth.’ As they say this they are predicting the future, a skill that witches were believed to have. At this point the audience are surprised to see that the main character is being linked to witches and therefore evil. The last line of their scene, ‘fair I foul and foul is fair,’ this line has alliteration, which enforces the line, making it stick in the memory. Also it is juxtaposition of foul and fair, they are opposites of each other, and yet they are being used together to describe the weather. This is also the first line of Macbeth, this strengthens the link between him and the witches, so before the plot has begun, this gives the audience preconceptions of him being sinful and malicious. The line also conveys an element of pathetic fallacy as it describes the strange weather, and also reflects the ‘strange’ and ‘confusing’ rhymes of the weà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rd sisters. Shakespeare keeps referring to them to show the overall mood and directions of Macbeth during the play. After Macbeth’s meeting with the weà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rd sisters, he writes to lady Macbeth, this is when the audience first meet her, and so the way Shakespeare conveys her character in this scene is important as it is how the audience will view her for most of the play. The letter tells both lady Macbeth and the audience how the weà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rd sisters prophesised his future as thane of both Cawdor and Glamis, and also that he will be king, ‘hail king that shalt be.’ Contrary to the ethics of the time Macbeth seems to treat his wife with the kind of equality he would only show other thanes. However, it begins to become apparent that Lady Macbeth has a great deal of control over him. He calls her his, ‘dearest partner in greatness.’ This shows the audience that Macbeth would be willing to do a great deal for her. We see them contrast each other again when they meet to discuss the murder of king Duncan. It is lady Macbeth who initiates the plan, ‘O never shall sun that morrow see.’ Again showing her dominance over Macbeth, but also a very ambitious, evil side. Macbeth shows doubts and loyalty to his king, ‘we will speak further-‘ this restores some feelings of respect for Macbeth in the audience, as he is defying his wife, and showing his loyal side. But Shakespeare also uses it to make the audience wonder whom Macbeth values and loves more, his wife, or his king and country. â€Å"I am his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed.† When he says this, it shows that he seems to be more loyal to his king, but he is won over by his wife. At this point we as the audience admire him for his devotion to his king, and to his wife, it shows him to be a human and have human feelings, Lady Macbeth reveals her true self to the audience in a soliloquy. She links herself to ‘spirits who tend on mortal thoughts.’ And she asks that they ‘unsex’ her, to make her more masculine and therefore able to carry out the tasks that Macbeth is too weak to do. ‘Take my milk for gall.’ This symbolises a theme of black versus white, darkness and light and good and evil that runs through the play. It shows how Lady Macbeth could be seen as a fourth witch in the play, and is helping the weà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rd sisters cast their spell on Macbeth. She also feels as though it is her committing the murder, and controlling Macbeth, ‘My keen knife.’ This shows how she wants to more masculine, and feels that if she weren’t a woman she would be stronger than Macbeth. Perhaps she feels that he is an extension of herself, at this point the audience would begin to pity Macbeth as they feel he is being submissive to his wife, who is using her persuasive techniques to overpower him in order to make Macbeth carry out her plans, because she feels too female and weak to do them, she is using Macbeth, simply as a body to perform her evil deeds. Shakespeare shows this by using â€Å"we† when Lady Macbeth talks about the crime Macbeth is about to commit, â€Å"We’ll not fail.† His use of the word â€Å"we† makes Lady Macbeth appear to the audience as though she feels that it is her who is committing the murder and that she is controlling Macbeth. Macbeth realises that Lady Macbeth is taking advantage of his love for her and tries to take control of the situation. He shows his loyalty to his king and country as he tries to stop the deed, ‘We will proceed no further in this business.’ But again lady Macbeth shows her dominance and cunning, calculated plans, she throws his better judgement right back at his face and taunts him into submission. ‘Live a coward in thine own esteem.’ She questions his masculinity, ‘then you were a man.’ She uses words such as â€Å"coward† to describe Macbeth to make him feel guilty that he is letting her down, that he is not being the man she wants him to be. She is manipulating him by using his love for her to her own advantage. She even uses her femininity to her advantage and to further taunt his manhood when she says she would have, ‘dashed the brains out’ of her own child, rather than break a promise as he is doing. This is another point at which the audience feels a great sympathy towards Macbeth as a â€Å"woman† is bullying him to murder against his own will. In a 1600s society, when the play was first written and performed, women were considered as second class, weaker both mentally and physically, therefore if a man were seen to being weaker than his wife, the audience would pity him. Shakespeare is using Lady Macbeth’s difference to other women, as a tool to show Macbeth’s vulnerability, a quality that requires sympathy and pity from an audience, and so they would place the blame on Lady Macbeth instead of Macbeth, as it seems as if he isn’t responsible for his own actions. Macbeth buckled to is wife’s pressure and began to plan Duncan’s murder, he begins to hallucinate about a dagger, ‘A dagger of the mind, a false creation.’ Even in his ‘heat oppressed’ vision Macbeth appears to be aware that it isn’t real and that it has something to do with witches, ‘Pale Hecate’s off’ rings, and withered murder.’ Here Shakespeare is using the theme of good and evil as Macbeth battles evil in his mind. It must have been confusing for him as he is fighting against himself, and so either way, he cannot win. We as the audience pity Macbeth here because he has been won over by his wife’s evil ways, we see that he has a weak mind, but we still admire his self knowledge that it is only a hallucination, it is as though he knows he is being taken advantage of, but cant do any thing to prevent it. Evil presides and he goes on to murder King Duncan, perhaps with some regret that he gave way to his wife’s assertiveness. ‘I go and it is done†¦that summons thee to heaven or hell.’ Heaven juxtaposes hell; they are two opposites that are used by Shakespeare to show the underlying theme of good and evil in the play. The way Macbeth questions where Duncan will go after his death, suggests that he knows that Duncan is a good person. Perhaps he is beginning to realise that he is quite the opposite, that he juxtaposes Duncan. This shows that he knows Duncan’s death to be untimely, as he suggests that it might go to heaven for he did not deserve to die. Shakespeare again uses confrontations between the Macbeths to make the audience feel empathy towards Macbeth, as he seems confused and bewildered by what he has done, and Lady Macbeth still berates him. ‘Infirm of purpose.’ She still feels that she is the stronger one in their relationship and feels more worthy of the royalty promised to Macbeth. She believes that Macbeth feels remorse for his actions because he is not evil as she is. He shows his remorse in the form of delusions, ‘Me thought I heard a voice cry, ‘sleep no more: Macbeth does murder sleep.’ At this point we feel for Macbeth as he is clearly distressed, we feel that his suffering is as a result of the bullying prevailed on him by Lady Macbeth, therefore we feel sympathetic towards him. Again, Shakespeare uses the theme of good and evil, this time represented by blood and water. Macbeth asks, ‘will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?’ this shows that he feels as though his bloodstained hands will give him away, he wants to hide the fact that he is a murderer, although this is what he does in battles. At this point we might feel that he is only doing what comes naturally to him, he kills in battle all the time, â€Å"his brandished steel which smoked with bloody execution.† but when it was someone that he knew and respected, and it was off the battle field, he felt distraught and remorseful. This makes the audience respect his morals, but dislike him slightly because he didn’t heed to them. After Lady Macbeth has taken back the daggers, she uses the blood now on her hands to goad Macbeth, ‘my hands are the colour of yours, but I shame to wear a heart so white.’ Lady Macbeth knows that she is more evil and capable of murder than Macbeth was. It is the fact that Shakespeare constantly compares Macbeth to Lady Macbeth. This makes the audience like Macbeth more than his wife. When the two are compared it is always when she is being portrayed as an evil woman, like the witches, he seems to be much more naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and innocent. It is through such comparisons that Shakespeare is able to make his audience feel that Lady Macbeth takes advantage of her husband’s weaker points, and that he is blind to this. We feel sympathetic towards him because he doesn’t know what is happening to him. The power that Macbeth receives when he is crowned seems to unleash him from Lady Macbeth’s powers. He plans the murders of Banquo and his son Fleance without Lady Macbeth’s knowledge or consent. He pretends that all is normal and hides behind a mask of normality. He ironically tells Banquo, ‘fail not our feast’ even though he knows that he will be dead before it. He tells Lady Macbeth to ‘be innocent of the knowledge.’ He is trying to protect her and also show her that he can be evil with out her help. It seems like some of Lady Macbeth’s devious, calculating side is coming out in Macbeth. Shakespeare is using Macbeth’s role reversal here to make the audience start to respect him as he is taking his rightful place as the more dominant partner in their relationship. It is now him who is giving the orders to her, and not the other way round as we have previously seen, â€Å"And so I pray be you.† And â€Å"So prithee go with me.† Although these are orders and directions, he gives them in such a way that the audience see that he is kinder and more caring than his wife. This dominance seems short-lived, in what has become known as the water shed or turning point at the play. After Banquo has been killed Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo at his banquet Shakespeare uses the fact that only Macbeth can see Banquo to heighten tension and suspense in the scene. ‘Never shake thy gory locks at me!’ the rest of the banqueters are worried about Macbeth, ‘Gentlemen, rise, his highness is not well.’ And do not wish to see him in a weakened state. Lady Macbeth however, tries to cover up for him, ‘sit worthy friends. My lord is often thus,’ So again, Lady Macbeth is more dominant and has to take control of the situation Macbeth has created in his fits. The ghost leaves, but then enters again to the horror of Macbeth. This re-entrance of Banquo creates tension in this scene as he instils yet more fear and anger in Macbeth. ‘Avaunt and quit my sight!’ Macbeth remains angry and confused after the ghost leaves. ‘Blood will have blood.’ Lady Macbeth shows a more caring motherly side as she tries to calm him, ‘You lack the season of all natures, sleep.’ However, by saying this, she is ironically reminding him that believes that he has â€Å"murdered sleep.† Macbeth goes to see the witches again, this shows that he is a slave to them, and craves their input. They take control from Lady Macbeth and she becomes the delusional one. The witches play a trick on him and predict his future, saying that ‘none of woman born shall harm Macbeth.’ They also say, ‘Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to Dunsinain hill shall come against him.’ This makes Macbeth feel immortal and he becomes more willing to obey the weà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rd sisters. The new confidence they have given him when they told him his future has given him the self-belief that he is invincible. There has been building hatred towards Macbeth among the Thanes and lords; Lennox and an unnamed lord talk about the tyranny of Macbeth and his murderous ways. ‘That had he Duncan’s sons under his key- As, an’t please heaven, he shall not.’ They both refer to him as, ‘tyrant’ this shows how they no longer hold respect for him as bold warrior and king. ‘Macduff is gone to pray the holy king upon his aid.’ Macduff is the first of many Thanes to escape to England to help them overthrow Macbeth. We have a sense here that Shakespeare is using Macduff to contrast with Macbeth it is like he is the good where Macbeth is the evil. Macduff says, â€Å"Not in the legions of horrid hell can come a devil more damned in evils to top Macbeth.† This shows how the rest of Scotland may be feeling about Macbeth’s tyranny. When Lennox tells Macbeth this news, he greets it with anger and disgust, he reacts by sending murderers to Macduff’s castle to ‘give to th’ edge o’th’sword his wife, his babes and all unfortunate souls.’ At this point the audience may still feel sympathy for Macbeth even though he is acting like a ‘butcher’ it would seem easy to place the blame on the witches, as it is them who are ultimately controlling him, giving the self-assurance that makes him feel like he can do as he pleases without consequence. When news of the ‘slaughter’ reaches England the rebels feel even more hatred to Macbeth. As Macbeth has grown stronger, Lady Macbeth has weakened and becomes ill. It is as though he draws his new strength from her, as though they are one person. Lady Macbeth is now more delusional than Macbeth ever was, ‘All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.’ This relates to an earlier scene in the play where Lady Macbeth used the blood on her hand to taunt Macbeth, but now it is he who is coping better with the guilt of murder. The Macbeths have grown apart, and so when, in her madness she kills herself, all Macbeth can say is, ‘she should have died hereafter.’ Here the audience would think that Macbeth was becoming heartless and uncompassionate. But subsequently he shows that he knows that he has lost all that he had. He prepares to go out to fight Macduff, and admits his deepest thoughts to his servant, ‘Seyton I am sick at heart.’ This line shows an underlying theme of sickness in the play, for Lady Macbeth has died of a sickness of the mind, and it seems now that Macbeth will die of a sickness of the heart, he has given up hope on life and is willing to enter into his consequences, be it heaven or hell. Also, ‘As honour, love, obedience, troops of friends, I must not look to have, but in their stead, curses.’ These lines evoke a great sorrow in the hearts of the audience, as they see how underneath it all he is as human as us all and he is hurt that he has lost everything. This shows the audience how he is reformed, but it is all too late, they would feel really very sorry for him at this point, and admire his bravery to stand up and stare imminent death in the face, ‘cheer me ever or disseat me now.’ Shakespeare uses a soliloquy of Macbeth’s to voice the morals of the play in just one simple sentence. ‘Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more; it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.’ This is Shakespeare’s view on life, that it is meaningless, especially when you let others control you, and don’t live for you. Shakespeare is perhaps showing how he doesn’t respect or admire the character of Macbeth but that he sympathises and pities him. When Macbeth realises there is nothing left for him, and he only has himself to blame there is something to admire in his character. The fact that he acknowledges his inevitable death, but doesn’t try to justify his actions shows the audience that underneath it all there always was an admirable person, it wasn’t until his wife died that this side of him came out. Maybe this is because Lady Macbeth had a strong hold over him and he could only break free and show his true self when she had gone for good. Overall the audience only really admire him at the end of the play when his last soliloquy shows that he is a truly brave individual, â€Å"cheer me ever or disseat me now.† This shows that in his impending death he still wanted to go out fighting like the man he used to be, rather than take his own life, as his wife does. It is this final comparison between the two that we can finally see his brave side. Laura Barnes MACBETH ESSAY: Is there anything to admire in the character of Macbeth? And how does Shakespeare influence our thoughts and feelings towards him as the audience?

Orwell and Swift

One of the techniques they have common is that both of them are using satire. After comparing Orwell and Swift essay, I believe that Swift uses satire more effectively than Orwell does. At first, Swift uses his title more effectively than Orwell. Second Swifts statements which Is eating Infants for saving Ireland has more Impact than Rowel's statement. Thirdly, Swift essay drips with sarcasm by using many metaphors. First of all, the title of Swifts essay immediately demonstrates irony.The essay title â€Å"A Modest Proposal† is very ironic as he describes his own essay as ‘modest', though his opinion includes strong message for government of Ireland. Using irony in his title makes his proposal stronger and more sarcastically. From this title, at first the redder thinks his proposal might be a general proposal as usual politicians. However, after finished reading his essay, we realize that his theories of the essay is very grotesque and shocking even though he describes his observations about the nation reasonably.His statement has many twist, so it gives us big impression. For example, he states that â€Å"l shall now therefore humbly propose my own thought† (3) After this sentence, he begins to write about eating baby which Is difficult to Imagine from his tattle ‘Modest'. On the other hand, Orwell doesn't use Irony In his title. The reader easily guesses that he will talk about Politic and English from his title â€Å"Politics and the English Language†. Second, Swifts statement which is eating infants has more impact than Rowel's statements.For instant, Swift says that â€Å"l have no children by which I an propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and my wife past child-bearing†(7). It makes the whole sentence becomes more sarcastically . Because His theory is shocking to most readers as most people can relate to having children or knowing someone who has offspring. However, from his final sent ence, we can understand that he is not emotionally involved to this theory or solution. This sentence implies that â€Å"I'm not emotionally Involves to my theory, so let's eat children and save Ireland.Swift uses irony as much as possible until the very end of his essay. In contrast, Orwell use of Irony Is less obvious than Swifts essay. In his theory, he suggests not to use metaphor, sleep, or other techniques which we are used to seeing in print. However, he makes use of metaphors and similes in his own essay. He even admits that fact in his essay. For instant, Orwell states that â€Å"l have again and again committed the very faults I am protesting against† (8). From this sentence we can realize that he even admits to using technique which he courage's to use and it emphasizes the irony in the article.However, this ironic statement doesn't have enough impact to reader, and it is hard to understand what is the core message he is trying to say from this sentence. Thirdly, Swift essay drips with sarcasm by using many metaphors. He describes a baby as food or pig and also describes wives as foal companions. For example, he says that â€Å"young healthy child well nursed Is at a year old a most delouses, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or bold;† (3) It makes us easier to Imagine what he Is liking about and gives us more Impact than sentence without metaphor. Sing metaphor to describe his theory makes his theory more sarcasm. In contrast, Orwell doesn't use many metaphors In Nils essay. So, It Is Doolittle Imagine Tanat want nee Is trying to say until the end of his essay. His theory is too detached tone. In conclusion, after compared Orwell and Swift essay, I believe that Swift essay has more impact and uses satire more powerfully than Orwell does. At first, Swifts title has more influence than Rowel's one. Secondly, Swifts statement which is eating baby gives us bigger impression than Rowel's statement.

Rebellion Against Slavery in Fires of Jubilee by Stephen...

Fires of Jubilee is a book that is talking about slavery and rebellion against it. The book is enjoyable but still is very saddening because of the occurrences in the plots. Slavery is not something to be happy about. Humans treating other humans with no mercy, and making them works with no pay for extended hours. The killings made by the slaves are saddening, too. Mutilating the whites and leaving their bodies lying is inhumane. It is such a shocking story. This book was meant to teach the reader on the inhumanity of slavery. It also gives us the image of what happened during the past years when slavery was practised. The book is significant in the sense that it gives even the current generation the knowledge of slavery, how it†¦show more content†¦Nat thought that he should use his intelligence and the respect he was given when he was a kid to start a rebellion against slavery. He said the God had shown him visions and he was the chosen one to stop slavery (Oates, 2009). Nat grew up as a polite man who never do anything wronged to anyone and even became the slave preacher. This made the whites trust him. Joseph Travis saw him as the most behaved black and was even given credit to conduct unsupervised meetings in the church (Oates, 2009); which gave Nat room to explain his desire to revolt as asked for the people who could help him. The message about a rebellion spread to the slaves in Southampton and small revolts followed. On August 1831 Nat led a group of armed slaves in the middle of the night and went round the homes of the whites killing them and living the bodies behind. They did this for two days but Nat killed nobody because of his Christian belief, but he thought that he was sent by God to free the slaves from bondage (Oates, 2009). The slaves had been mistreated for many years so they killed even women and children. The Southampton residents thought that the killings were done by the British and it was a starting of another war. 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The nearest water supply was a mile away, and the family had to survive on the abundance of wild game in the area.Less than two years after the move to Indiana, Mrs. Lincoln caught a horrible frontier disease known as quot;milk sick

Cognitive Behavioral Theory Essay - 1328 Words

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, problem-centered therapy that is used to address psychopathology within the individual (Beck, 1995). This model of therapy is used to address issues of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, relational problems, and drug abuse, and can be utilized when working with individuals, as well as within group and family modalities. The core aspects of this therapy include collaboration and participation by the client, a strong alliance between therapist and client, and an initial focus on current problems and functioning (Beck, 1995). The theory of CBT emphasizes the relationship between the individual’s thoughts feelings and behaviors, which is seen as being the underlying cause of†¦show more content†¦Once an automatic thought occurs within the individual, it triggers a feeling, which in turn triggers the individual’s response, such as a behavior and/or physiological response. For example, after a young child be gins to pick up his blocks to be put away, his mother rubs him on the back and gives him praise for his actions. His automatic thought may be, â€Å"I am good when I put away blocks,† triggering a feeling of confidence, an increased level of physical energy, and the behavior of putting away the remaining blocks. Automatic thoughts can be neutral, positive, or negative. We all have our own automatic thoughts as we move through our day-to-day lives and interact with others. In regards to individuals with psychological disorders, the cognitive model looks at how negative thoughts influence the individual’s feelings and behaviors (Beck, 1995). From a CBT lens, it is the negative automatic thoughts that an individual has that perpetuate symptoms of psychological disorders, the occurrence of negative mood, uncomfortable physiological responses, and maladaptive or inappropriate behaviors (Beck, 1995). While we all have moments of experiencing negative automatic thoughts, for those with psychological disorders, and more pervasive difficulties in living, negative thoughts are often experienced in situations that are neutral, producing negative feelings that lead to maladaptive behaviors or responses that would notShow MoreRelatedBehavioral Theories And Cognitive Behavioral Theory1834 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract The two theories chosen to take a closer look into are Behavioral Theory and Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. Behavioral Theory focuses on how human behavior is based on direct consequences due to the environment in which one is in. Cognitive Behavioral theory is to help an individual deal with the thinking process and the problem solving. Taking a closer look into a case study for women in prison who deliberately inflict self-harm and how cognitive-behavior therapy help them through and understandRead MoreCognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory929 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive, Cognitive Behavioral and Reality Theory ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory PCN 500 Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory Overview There are many definitions of counseling, but most share the same idea: it is when one person helps another. To me counseling represents one word more than any other: Change. One person is unhappy with some area of their life and wants it to change while the other person helps to facilitate that changeRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory And Behavioral Therapy2176 Words   |  9 Pages â€Æ' A Cognitive Behavioral Approach to The Case of Stan Overview – Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy, or CBT, combines both cognitive and behavioral principles and methods in a short-term treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapies are based on a psychoeducational model that emphasizes the role of homework and places responsibility on the client, assuming an active role both during and outside of the therapy sessions (Correy 2009). CBT can be thought of as a combination of bothRead MoreCognitive Theory : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy3341 Words   |  14 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy in Educational Settings Rebecca Yoder John Carroll University Abstract Cognitive theories are believed to centralize around the idea that a thought is the cause for emotions. Cognitive theory has directly influenced the development of other cognitively based therapies that provide a more in-depth and concentrated approach to the presenting problems of a client. Specifically, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one division of the cognitive theory that focuses onRead MoreBehavioral Theory Of Cognitive Therapy795 Words   |  4 Pageslearning theory. From their point of view, symptoms were not caused by disease; rather, the symptoms were the disease. In some cases, such as phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors, the assumption was that the symptoms were learned behaviors that could be unlearned; even if the symptoms were not acquired through learning, however, it was assumed that they could be modified by learning (some forms of behavior therapy were called behavior modification), (Bickhard, dated 1980). Cognitive Therapy:Read MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy1756 Words   |  8 PagesTheoretical Analysis Cognitive Behavioral Theory Several prestigious and monumental contributors commenced the development of cognitive behavioral therapy. The four main catalysts have been Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Judith Beck, and Donald Meichenbaum. Each of these trailblazers lead a different aspect of cognitive behavior therapies. While working through his own personal fears and anxieties, Albert Ellis developed what is now termed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and is the firstRead MoreCognitive Theory And Behavioral Theory Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Theory and Behavioral Theory 1. Cognitive Theory Cognitive Theory and/or Development is a subject that is often discussed and/or debated frequently within the psychological community. There is a significant amount of theory into how much development happens naturally and how much is learned from outside sources. This is constantly debated throughout study after study. The common theory is that only a certain amount of cognition can be achieved through a child learning by themselves andRead MoreCognitive and Behavioral Theories721 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent theories; especially about development. And, just like every theory there are pros and cons. Each theory was created by different people with their own perspective and their own biases. It would be ignorant to say that one theory had all the answers. There were two theories I read about that caught my attention, Cognitive and Behavioral. I have heard about the growing popularity of Cognitive Behaviorists and I am curious about how they are similar and different. On the Cognitive part ofRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory And Family Therapy3298 Words   |  14 Pages Cognitive Behavioral Theory in Relation to Family Therapy Amy Trimm Fall 2104 Texas AM Central Cognitive Behavioral Theory in Relation to Family Therapy Abstract This essay is intended to evaluate one therapeutic intervention or theory that may be used in Family therapy. The theory being examined is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, or for short CBT. The essay will begin with defining CBT and discussing the underlying principles, techniques and concepts of the approach. Some practicalRead MoreThe Use Of Cognitive Behavioral Theory ( Cbt ) Essay2082 Words   |  9 PagesIn pursuit of ways in which new skills and behaviors can be taught in a group setting, the following paper will examine the use of cognitive behavioral theory (CBT) in groups of individuals struggling with substance abuse issues. To begin with, there will be an overview of the selected population, including information contained within the DSM-V outlining exactly who fits into the population of those with substance-related disorders. Next, will be an analysis of research supporting the efficacy

The Progression of Civil Rights in the USA Essay - 657 Words

Civil rights are the rights guaranteed to the citizens of the specified location. When looking back at our history our civil rights have changed our life forever. Our civil rights were first introduced in 1787 as our Constitution. The Constitution states that any citizen is guaranteed the right to freedom of speech, of religion, and of press, and the rights to due process of law and to equal protection under the law. Civil Rights Acts and Movements helped define all of the civil rights but mainly who the rights were for and what freedom of religion, and equal protection under the law truly intended. Our civil rights are guaranteed to the citizens of the United States. When the constitution first came into affect there was still†¦show more content†¦This act allowed the federal government the powers to enforce desegregation (infoplease). This act helped allow the citizens of the United States be free to choose there own religion among other things. Although this act didn’t stop someone from shooting Malcolm X, for what was believed to be because he changed religion and beliefs. Malcolm X chose to leave the Black Muslim faith and took a favor in Orthodox Islam while deciding that he thought black and whites could get along (infoplease). This shows you that even with all the acts and movements that were taking place people still felt that blacks didn’t deserve to have the same rights as white people. The civil rights were written to allow everyone equal rights. The civil rights also claim that if you are a citizen you can have equal protection under the law. September 1957, just after the law to allow blacks and whites to attend the same school, nine black students on their way into their high school were blocked from entering the school on the orders of Governor Orval Faubus. â€Å"President Eisenhower sends federal troops and the national Guard to intervene on behalf of the students, who become known as the â€Å"Little Rock Nine†Ã¢â‚¬  (infoplease). This tells you that even though they were black the president still sent troops to help them. Another example of equal protection under the law was in 1961 when â€Å"James Meredith becomes the first blackShow MoreRelatedHow Far Did Us Presidents Hinder Rather Than Help the Development of African American Civil Rights in the Period from 1865-1941?1644 Words   |  7 Pagesthe development of African American civil rights in the period from 1865-1941? During the period 1865 to 1941, there were as many as 18 presidents in office and in one way or another, they would’ve had to deal with the ongoing issue of black civil rights, whether that be improving them or reversing them. 1865 was the year of the end of the civil war, which has been a war over the question of whether slavery should be allowed. The South was defending the right to keep slavery within their confederateRead MoreMartin Luther King Impact1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement was the unification between all parts of society, the blacks, the whites, the rich, and the poor. There were several attempts by many people and groups to help bring amalgamation and equality for everyone. Martin Luther King was the key person involved in this movement, with no major competition for the overall leadership of the movement from 1957 to the mid 1960s . He attempted to alleviate the sense of crisis that pervaded America during the Civil Rights Era. King wasRead MoreViolation of Nursing Laws: Illegal Action or Ethical Dilemma1536 Words   |  7 Pagesof the HIPAA standards. The nurse has the best interest of the patient, but is in violation of the privacy act. A visiting wound care nurse is given a camera to photograph the patient’s wounds on a weekly basis. This helps identify healing progression and determines if changes need to be done to the wound care. During a visit to an assisted living facility (ALF), a wound care nurse used her camera to take pictures of the unhygienic facility. She stated â€Å"look at this filth; it’s no wonder theRead MoreMinorities and Women in Criminal Justice1064 Words   |  5 Pagesour society. A clear example of this is the way Hillary Clinton was treated in the elections. Hillary faced many gender-based abuse by the media and many individuals. â€Å"Multiple studies on women in national security have shown concerns about the progression of women into senior leadership positions (Erbe, 2008).† Some feel women are inferior to men, this is clearly a form of sexism. Statistics from U.S. Bureau of Justice indicates that women are much more likely than men to experience â€Å"nonfata l intimateRead MoreWhite Resistance to the Civil Rights Movement Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesCivil Rights Throughout Reconstruction, southern whites felt constantly threatened by legislation providing rights for former slaves. The Civil Rights Bill of 1875 was the last rights bill passed by congress during reconstruction. It protected all Americans’ (including blacks) access to public accommodations such as trains. With the threat of complete equality constantly looming, violence toward former slaves gradually increased in the years following the Civil War. 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The lesser known Afghanistan will be analyzed first and then it will be compared to the more fa miliar United States. Afghanistan is a land locked country in SouthRead More The Role of the Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Movement Essay example1969 Words   |  8 PagesSupreme Court was important in both suppressing and aiding the Civil Rights Movement. However, decisions taken by the President, the continued white opposition and improvements in media communications also had an effect. Although all were important, the Civil Rights movement alone would have reached the same end without the help of the Supreme Court, and the devotion of its many members and leaders is the major factor in advancing Civil Rights. The Supreme Court is perhaps most well known for theRead More Political Change in Europe in the Modern Era Essay example1700 Words   |  7 Pagesby the early 20th century a very intricate balance of power, the disturbance of which ignited World War I in 1914. Over this same period, the power of monarchs within European nations declined as a larger portion of the populace demanded political rights, leading to the democratization of most political systems throughout Western Europe. These shifts in political systems were fed by urbanization, by the rise of class consciousness within the masses, and by the spread of ideas of political and economicRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War2375 Words   |  10 PagesConfederate forces in the Civil War, the current president of USA Abraham Lincoln had followed through with his Emancipation Proclamation this time of period was soon to be known as the Reconstruction era. Through these actions of Abraham Lincoln this had resulted in the passin g of amendments to the constitution in which where 13th,14th, 15th these amendments had given African Americans the one thing they had been long aching for and worked hard for which was they rights. These Amendments also gave

Ritalin Essay Example For Students

Ritalin Essay RitalinAbstractRitalin (Methylphenidate) is a mild CNS stimulant. In medicine,Ritalins primary use is treatment of Attention Deficit /Hyperactive Disorder(ADHD). The mode of action in humans is not completely understood, but Ritalinpresumably activates the arousal system of the brain stem and the cortex toproduce its stimulant effect. Recently, the frequency of diagnosis for ADHD hasincreased dramatically. More children and an increasing number of adults arebeing diagnosed with ADHD. According to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)(Bailey 1995), prescriptions for Ritalin have increased more than 600% in thepast five years. Ritalin has a long history of controversy regarding sideeffects and potential for abuse, however it greatly benefits those with ADHD. Psychological effects of RitalinRitalin (Methylphenidate) is manufactured by CIBA-Geigy Corporation. Itis supplied in 5 mg., 10 mg., and 20 mg. tablets, and in a sustained releaseform, Ritalin SR, in 20 mg. tablets. It is readily water soluble and is intendedfor oral use. It is a Schedule II Controlled Substance under both the Federaland Vermont Controlled Substance Acts. Ritalin is primarily used in thetreatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) (Bailey 1995). ADHD is a condition most likely based in an inefficiency and inadequacyof Dopamine and Norepinephrine hormone availability, typically occurring when aperson with ADHD tries to concentrate. Ritalin improves the efficiency of thehormones Dopamine and Norepinephrine, increasing the resources for memory, focus,concentration and attention (Clark 1996). Ritalin has been used for more than 30 years to treat ADHD. Nervousnessand insomnia are the most common adverse reactions reported, but are usuallycontrolled by reducing dosage or omitting the afternoon or evening dose. Decreased appetite is also common but usually transient (Long 1996). According to Clark (1996), children, adolescents and adults diagnosed with ADHDusually report the following effects when successfully treated with Ritalin:Improved concentration. Better focus. Improved ability to complete their work. Improved intensity of attention and longer attention span. Reduced distractibility. Reduced impulsivity. Reduced restlessness and overactivity. Improved patience. More elaborate expressive vocabulary. Better written expression and handwriting (especially in children). An improved sense of alertness. Improved memory for visual as well as auditory stimuli. Ritalins Effect on Neurotransmitter SystemsRitalin exhibits pharmacological activity similar to that ofamphetamines. Ritalins exact mechanism of action in the CNS is not fullyunderstood, but the primary sites of activity appear to be in the cerebralcortex and the subcortical structures including the thalamus. Ritalin blocks thereuptake mechanism present in dopaminergic neurons. As a result, sympathomimeticactivity in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous systemincreases. Ritalin-induced CNS stimulation produces a decreased sense of fatigue,an increase in motor activity and mental alertness, mild euphoria, and brighterspirits. In the PNS, the actions of Ritalin are minimal at therapeutic doses(Clinical Pharmacology Online 1997). Ritalin is the quickest of all oral ADHD stimulant medications in onsetof action: it starts to achieve benefit in 20 30 minutes after administration,and is most effective during the upward slope and peak serum levels. Ritalinseffect is brief: Most people experience 2-3 hours of benefit, but after 3 hours,benefits drop off rapidly. Some individuals, especially children, may obtain 4or even 5 hours of positive effect (Clark 1996). Social Factors Leading to increased use of RitalinRecently, there has been a dramatic upsurge of interest in usingstimulants (mainly Ritalin) for children and adults for the increasingly populardiagnosis of ADHD. According to Persky (1996), the high frequency of thediagnosis of ADHD is a uniquely American phenomenon. Children and adults are nowunder greater pressure to perform and to do well academically or in theworkplace. The chilling message in school and at work is Perform or Else.Because of this high intensity atmosphere, the use of Ritalin has becomeattractive. This has resulted in an acute epidemic of ADHD and the treatmentof choice is Ritalin (Persky 1996). For example, after education reformsspearheaded by Ross Perot in Texas in 1984, Ritalin use in the state doubled. .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 , .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 .postImageUrl , .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 , .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776:hover , .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776:visited , .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776:active { border:0!important; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776:active , .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776 .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u959a91e75b7a4f239ae6bb6550032776:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Canterbury Tales: A View Of The Medieval Christian Church EssayOne Texas mother says she is being hounded by teachers to put her two boys onRitalin against their psychologists advice. Another mother says she had to aska school board member to intervene when teachers at her childs school alsopressed for Ritalin use(Critics say Ritalin, Houston Chronicle, May 1996). Ritalin is an effective treatment for people with ADHD. Because itallows them to filter out distractions and improve concentration, some schoolsand parents force Ritalin on children who may have nothing more than a severecase of childhood. At a popular church preschool, approximately 20 percent ofchildren are on Ritalin. Even a Little League coach urged Ritalin for a 9-year-old catcher to improve his performance. Ritalins safety and efficacy is whathas turned it into teachers and parents little helper. It solves, or in somecases masks, childrens behavioral problems (Critics say Ritalin, HoustonChronicle, May 1996). Social Impact of RitalinAccording to Clark (1996), people who have ADHD come from everyimaginable social, vocational, educational and emotional background. ADHD is acondition which may afflict physicians, attorneys, carpenters, actors,politicians, casino employees, executives, and homemakers. While Ritalin is avery important aspect of treatment, in many or most cases it is only part of theoverall treatment effort. Stimulants (mainly Ritalin) specifically affectattention span, concentration, focus, and distractibility. No alternativemedications, nor any other form of treatment, address these symptoms of ADHD aswell as stimulants like Ritalin. Learning disabilities, such as readingdifficulties or anxiety, are sometimes misdiagnosed as ADHD or co-exist withADHD. Ritalin will help the child sit still in class, but may not deal with thereal culprits keeping the child from learning. Many pediatricians believechildren younger than 6 even if they have ADHD should wait to be medicateduntil they learn basic rules of behavior. Yet while liberal estimates are thatsix out of 100 children suffer from the disorders, six out of 30 preschoolers inone group at a Day School in Houston take Ritalin. Teachers are often the onlyones who get an inkling that a child may have ADHD, and are within their rightsto call a parent and suggest the child be evaluated for the disorder. No teachershould be permitted to suggest a specific medication or pursue the topic oncethe parent demurs. (Critics say Ritalin, Houston Chronicle, May 1996). After aslowdown of Ritalin use in the 1970s, the pendulum began to swing back in the1980s. It has swung so far, that in 1994 about 9 tons of Ritalin was produced(DEA in Persky 1996). Patterns of AbuseAccording to Bailey (1995), epidemiologists at the National Institute on DrugAbuse (NIDA) describe Ritalin abuse over the last two decades as sporadic butpersistent, and rates of use fluctuate over time. When purchased in pharmacieswith a valid prescription, Ritalin tablets cost 25 cents to 50 cents each. Inthe illicit street drug market, tablets sell for $3 to $15 each. While streetprices in the Midwest are now at the low end ($3 to $5 per tablet) compared withsome West Coast locations, they have been rising over the past few years. In1994, an upsurge in illicit street use of Ritalin was reported on the U.S. WestCoast and in the Midwest. Non-medical use consisting of snorting crushed Ritalintablets or dissolving the powder in water and cooking it for intravenousinjection was reported at Chicago and Detroit. Anecdotal reports suggest thatsuburban, white abusers are more likely to snort Ritalin, while African Americaninner-city abusers are more likely to inject it (Ba iley 1995). ConclusionRitalin is an extremely useful medication. It has minimal side effectsafter the first few months. It works quickly, wears off quickly, and because ofthis targets some ADHD issues optimally. No other stimulant medication impactsso specifically on alertness, concentration and focus. .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea , .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea .postImageUrl , .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea , .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea:hover , .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea:visited , .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea:active { border:0!important; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea:active , .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78e4a0f80e1b947866671ca60b0392ea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sports vs Performing Arts EssayIndividuals with ADHD may respond well to psychotherapy, behaviormodification, and other interventions. Successful treatment of ADHD begins withcareful diagnosis, followed by proper prescription of medications. An accuratediagnosis, in conjunction with carefully developed and targeted treatment,should limit abuse and ensure continued success in treating ADHD. ReferencesBailey, W. J. (1995). Factline on non-medical use of Ritalin. Factline Number9 November 1995, on-line, pp. 1-7. Available: Http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/. Clark, C. G. (1996). Stimulant Medications. Diagnosis and Treatment of AttentionDeficit Disorder, on-line, pp. 1-12. Available: Http://www.ADDCLINIC.com/. Clinical Pharmacology Online, Ritalin.. (1997). Clinical Pharmacology Online. Gold Standard Multimedia Inc., On-line, Available: Http://www.gsm.com/., p. 1. Critics say Ritalin has become panacea for childrens scholastic,behavioral problems. (1996, May 23). Houston Chronicle via Nando.Net,on-line, pp. 1-3. Available:Http://www.Nando.net/. Long, P. W. (1996). Methylphenidate, Brand name Ritalin, Drug Monograph. In, Internet Mental HealthDrug Monograph. On-line, Available: Http://www.mentalhealth.com/. (pp. 1-7). Ottawa,Canada. Persky, M. (1995, May). LISTENING TO RITALIN: The New Epidemic.. TheNorthern California Psychiatric Physician, 5, 43-45.